Understanding Flight Simulator Categories and Approvals

Flight simulators and training devices play a crucial role in aviation, providing pilots with realistic and safe environments to hone their skills. However, the landscape of flight simulation can be complex, with various categories, levels, and regulatory bodies involved.

In this blog, we aim to demystify the world of flight simulators, shedding light on the different categories, approval processes, and key distinctions.

Regulatory Bodies and Their Role

Several regulatory bodies oversee the qualification and approval of flight simulators and training devices. These organisations ensure that these devices meet stringent standards for safety, realism, and training effectiveness. In Australasia, the relevant regulatory bodies include:

• USA - Federal Aviation Administration (FAA): The FAA is responsible for regulating all aspects of civil aviation in the United States, including flight simulators. They have established a comprehensive set of regulations and guidelines for the design, construction, and operation of flight simulators.

• Europe - European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA): EASA is the counterpart to the FAA in Europe, overseeing aviation safety and regulations across the European Union. They have their own set of standards for flight simulators, which are recognised internationally.

• Australia - Civil Aviation Safety Authority (CASA): CASA is the Australian regulatory body responsible for civil aviation safety. They recognise and accept both FAA and EASA-approved flight simulators.

• New Zealand - Civil Aviation Authority (CAA): The CAA is New Zealand's aviation regulatory authority, and they also recognise FAA-approved flight simulators.

Categories of Flight Simulators

Flight simulators and training devices are categorised based on their level of fidelity, complexity, and intended use.

The two primary categories are Full Flight Simulators (FFS) and Flight Training Devices (FTD) and Flight Navigation Procedures Trainers (FNPT).

Full Flight Simulators (FFS)

• Definition: A full flight simulator is a high-fidelity, full-size replica of a specific aircraft's flight deck. It replicates the aircraft's systems, controls, and flight characteristics with a very high degree of accuracy. Full Flight Simulators also include a visual system providing an outside view and a motion system for realistic physical sensations.

• FAA and EASA Classification: Both the FAA and EASA classify FFSs into four levels (A, B, C, and D), with Level D being the highest level of fidelity and realism.

• Key Features:

  • Full-size replica of a specific aircraft's flight deck

  • High-fidelity systems and controls

  • Visual system with 'out the window' view

  • Motion system for realistic movement cueing

Flight Training Devices (FTD) and Flight Navigation Procedures Trainers (FNPT)

• Definition: FTDs and FNPTs are training devices that replicate specific aspects of an aircraft's flight deck and systems, but with varying levels of fidelity and complexity. They are often used for procedural training, instrument training, and navigation training.

• FAA Classification: The FAA classifies FTDs into seven levels (Levels 4, 5, 6, and 7), with Level 7 being the highest for helicopters only.

• EASA Classification: EASA categorises FTDs into three levels (Levels 1, 2, and 3) and FNPTs into three levels (Levels I, II, and III, with MCC for multi-crew cooperation).

• Key Features:

  • Replicate specific aspects of an aircraft's flight deck and systems

  • Varying levels of fidelity and complexity

  • Used for procedural, instrument, and navigation training

Additional Categories

• Advanced Aviation Training Devices (AATD) and Basic Aviation Training Devices (BATD): These are entry-level devices used for basic flight training and familiarisation.

• Basic Instrument Training Device (BITD): This is a basic device used for instrument flight procedures training, primarily for fixed wing aircraft.

Understanding the Different Levels

Within each category, flight simulators and training devices are further classified into different levels. These levels indicate the degree of fidelity, realism, and sophistication of the device. Higher levels generally offer more realistic flight dynamics, visual systems, motion systems, and other features.

Key Differences Between Levels

• Visual System: Higher levels typically offer wider fields of view, higher resolutions, and more realistic visual effects.

• Motion System: Higher levels often include motion systems with more degrees of freedom, providing more realistic physical sensations.

• Flight Dynamics: Higher levels have more sophisticated aerodynamic models and control systems, resulting in more accurate flight behaviour.

• Systems Modelling: Higher levels include more detailed and accurate simulations of aircraft systems and avionics.

• Training Capabilities: Higher levels are suitable for a wider range of training tasks, including advanced manoeuvres and emergency procedures.

Choosing the Right Simulator

The choice of flight simulator or training device depends on several factors, including the training objectives, pilot experience level, and budget. It's essential to consult with a qualified training provider or regulatory authority to determine the most suitable device for your specific needs.

Qualification and Approval Processes

The qualification and approval process for flight simulators and training devices is rigorous and involves extensive testing and evaluation. The process typically includes the following steps:

1. Design and Development: The manufacturer designs and develops the device in accordance with the relevant regulatory standards.

2. Documentation: The manufacturer prepares detailed documentation, including a Master Qualification Test Guide (MQTG), which outlines the device's specifications and test procedures.

3. Testing and Evaluation: The device undergoes extensive testing and evaluation by the regulatory authority to verify its compliance with the standards.

4. Approval: If the device meets all the requirements, the regulatory authority issues a certificate of approval, allowing it to be used for training and certification purposes.

Ongoing Compliance and Continuous Qualification

Once a flight simulator or training device is approved, it must undergo regular testing and checks to ensure its continued compliance with the standards. This process is known as continuing qualification evaluation and involves periodic testing and evaluation by the regulatory authority with extensive preparation undertaken by the device operator.

Conclusion

Flight simulators and training devices are essential tools for pilot training and certification. Understanding the different categories, levels, and approval processes can help you make informed decisions about your training and ensure that you receive the highest quality instruction. By choosing the right device and working with a qualified training provider, you can achieve your aviation goals safely and efficiently.